Tech Policy in the Decision of China's 3rd Plenary
II. Building a High-Level Socialist Market Economy System
Support capable private companies in leading national major technological breakthroughs and further open up national major scientific research infrastructure to private companies.
III. Improving the Institutional Mechanisms for Promoting High-Quality Economic Development
(9) Improve the system that promotes the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy.
- Accelerate the advancement of new industrialization, cultivate and expand advanced manufacturing clusters, and promote the high-end, intelligent, and green development of the manufacturing industry.
- Build a number of industry-wide technology platforms, accelerate the transformation of industrial models and enterprise organizational forms, and improve the institutional mechanisms that enhance the leading position of advantageous industries.
- Optimize the operation and supervision mechanisms of major industrial funds to ensure that fund investments align with national strategic requirements.
- Establish mechanisms to maintain a reasonable proportion of investment in the manufacturing industry, and reasonably reduce the comprehensive costs and tax burdens on manufacturing.
Accelerate the construction of systems and mechanisms that promote the development of the digital economy, and improve the policy system that promotes digital industrialization and industrial digitalization.
- Accelerate the comprehensive and full-chain application of new-generation information technology, develop the industrial internet, and create internationally competitive digital industry clusters.
- Promote the innovative development of the platform economy and improve the regular supervision system of the platform economy.
- Build and operate national data infrastructure to promote data sharing.
- Accelerate the establishment of systems for determining data property rights, market transactions, rights distribution, and interest protection, enhance data security governance and regulatory capabilities, and establish efficient, convenient, and secure cross-border data flow mechanisms.
(12) Improve the system for enhancing the resilience and security level of industrial and supply chains.
- Focus on creating autonomous and controllable industrial and supply chains, and improve the institutional mechanisms for the development of key industrial chains such as integrated circuits, industrial mother machines, medical equipment, instruments and meters, basic software, industrial software, and advanced materials, promoting technological breakthroughs and application of results across the entire chain.
- Establish mechanisms for assessing and responding to industrial and supply chain security risks.
- Improve the collaborative mechanism for the orderly transfer of industries domestically, ensuring benefit sharing between the transferor and receiver regions.
- Build national strategic hinterlands and backups for key industries, and accelerate the improvement of the national reserve system.
- Improve the system for coordinated exploration, supply, storage, and sales of strategic mineral resources.
IV. Building Institutional Mechanisms to Support Comprehensive Innovation
Education, science and technology, and talent are foundational and strategic pillars of Chinese modernization. It is essential to deeply implement strategies for rejuvenating the country through science and education, strengthening the nation with talent, and driving development through innovation. This requires coordinated reforms in the systems and mechanisms of education, science and technology, and talent, improving the new nationwide system, and enhancing the overall efficiency of the national innovation system.
(13) Deepen comprehensive education reform.
- Accelerate the construction of a high-quality education system, promoting reforms in teaching methods, school models, management systems, and guarantee mechanisms.
- Improve the moral education system, promote integrated reform and innovation in ideological and political courses across all education levels, and establish a comprehensive development system for morality, intelligence, physical education, aesthetics, and labor.
- Enhance teachers' abilities to educate, and establish long-term mechanisms for the development of teachers' ethics.
- Deepen educational evaluation reform, optimize the structure of higher education, and accelerate the construction of world-class universities and advantageous disciplines with Chinese characteristics.
- Promote classified reform of higher education institutions, establish mechanisms for adjusting disciplines and talent cultivation models driven by technological development and national strategic needs, prioritize urgently needed disciplines, and strengthen the construction of foundational, emerging, and interdisciplinary subjects, as well as the cultivation of top talent.
- Improve mechanisms for scientific and technological innovation in higher education institutions, increasing the efficiency of translating research results.
- Strengthen the coordination of scientific and technological education and humanities education.
- Accelerate the construction of a vocational education system integrating vocational and general education, as well as industry and education.
- Improve the student internship and practice system, guide and regulate the development of private education, and promote high-level educational openness by encouraging high-quality foreign technical universities to collaborate with Chinese institutions.
(14) Deepen reform of the scientific and technological system.
- Focus on the global scientific frontier, the main economic battlefield, major national needs, and people's health.
- Optimize the organizational mechanism for major scientific and technological innovations, strengthening key core technological breakthroughs, and promoting systemic, structured, and coordinated allocation of scientific innovation forces, resources, and talent.
- Strengthen the construction of national strategic scientific and technological forces, improve the national laboratory system, and optimize the positioning and layout of national research institutions, high-level research universities, and leading technology enterprises.
- Promote central-local coordination in scientific and technological innovation, build and regulate new types of R&D institutions, and leverage China's large-scale market advantages to lead in organizing innovative resources and forces, promoting the integration of scientific and industrial innovations.
- Establish a system for monitoring, early warning, and responding to scientific and technological security risks, and strengthen independent assurance of scientific and technological basic conditions.
- Improve the management system of scientific and technological associations, expand international scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation, encourage the establishment of international scientific organizations in China, and optimize the management mechanisms for professional exchanges and cooperation between universities, research institutes, and scientific associations.
(15) Deepen reform of the talent development system and mechanisms.
- Implement more proactive, open, and effective talent policies, improving mechanisms for the autonomous cultivation of talent.
- Accelerate the construction of national high-level talent hubs and platforms for attracting and gathering talent.
- Focus on cultivating and developing strategic scientists, leading technology talents and innovation teams, outstanding engineers, great craftsmen, and highly skilled personnel, enhancing the quality of various types of talent.
- Build a top-notch industrial technical workforce, improve mechanisms for the orderly flow of talent, promote regional rational distribution of talent, and deepen talent collaboration between eastern, central, and western regions.
- Improve mechanisms for discovering, selecting, and cultivating young innovative talent, better ensuring the treatment of young scientific personnel.
- Strengthen mechanisms to ensure scientific personnel can focus on research, and enhance talent incentive mechanisms, authorizing the use of talent and freeing them from unnecessary constraints.
- Establish a talent evaluation system oriented towards innovation capacity, quality, effectiveness, and contribution, open channels for talent exchange between universities, research institutes, and enterprises, and improve support mechanisms for introducing overseas talent, forming an internationally competitive talent system.
- Explore the establishment of a high-tech talent immigration system.
VII. Improving High-Level Institutional Mechanisms for Opening-Up
(26) Deepen the reform of the management system for foreign investment and outbound investment.
- Create a market-oriented, law-based, and international first-class business environment, protecting the rights and interests of foreign investors according to the law.
- Expand the catalog of industries encouraging foreign investment, reasonably reduce the negative list for foreign investment access, and implement measures to completely remove restrictions on foreign investment in the manufacturing sector.
- Promote orderly opening in areas such as telecommunications, internet, education, culture, and healthcare.
- Deepen the reform of the foreign investment promotion system, ensuring that foreign enterprises enjoy national treatment in accessing factors, qualifications, standards setting, and government procurement, supporting their participation in upstream and downstream collaboration of the industrial chain.
- Improve systems for the convenience of entry, residence, healthcare, and payment for overseas personnel.
- Improve mechanisms to promote and protect outbound investment, establishing a management service system for outbound investment and promoting international cooperation in industrial and supply chains.
二、构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制
支持有能力的民营企业牵头承担国家重大技术攻关任务，向民营企业进一步开放国家重大科研基础设施。
三、健全推动经济高质量发展体制机制
（9）健全促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合制度。加快推进新型工业化，培育壮大先进制造业集群，推动制造业高端化、智能化、绿色化发展。建设一批行业共性技术平台，加快产业模式和企业组织形态变革，健全提升优势产业领先地位体制机制。优化重大产业基金运作和监管机制，确保资金投向符合国家战略要求。建立保持制造业合理比重投入机制，合理降低制造业综合成本和税费负担。
加快构建促进数字经济发展体制机制，完善促进数字产业化和产业数字化政策体系。加快新一代信息技术全方位全链条普及应用，发展工业互联网，打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群。促进平台经济创新发展，健全平台经济常态化监管制度。建设和运营国家数据基础设施，促进数据共享。加快建立数据产权归属认定、市场交易、权益分配、利益保护制度，提升数据安全治理监管能力，建立高效便利安全的数据跨境流动机制。
（12）健全提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平制度。抓紧打造自主可控的产业链供应链，健全强化集成电路、工业母机、医疗装备、仪器仪表、基础软件、工业软件、先进材料等重点产业链发展体制机制，全链条推进技术攻关、成果应用。建立产业链供应链安全风险评估和应对机制。完善产业在国内梯度有序转移的协作机制，推动转出地和承接地利益共享。建设国家战略腹地和关键产业备份。加快完善国家储备体系。完善战略性矿产资源探产供储销统筹和衔接体系。
四、构建支持全面创新体制机制
教育、科技、人才是中国式现代化的基础性、战略性支撑。必须深入实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略，统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革，健全新型举国体制，提升国家创新体系整体效能。
（13）深化教育综合改革。加快建设高质量教育体系，统筹推进育人方式、办学模式、管理体制、保障机制改革。完善立德树人机制，推进大中小学思政课一体化改革创新，健全德智体美劳全面培养体系，提升教师教书育人能力，健全师德师风建设长效机制，深化教育评价改革。优化高等教育布局，加快建设中国特色、世界一流的大学和优势学科。分类推进高校改革，建立科技发展、国家战略需求牵引的学科设置调整机制和人才培养模式，超常布局急需学科专业，加强基础学科、新兴学科、交叉学科建设和拔尖人才培养，着力加强创新能力培养。完善高校科技创新机制，提高成果转化效能。强化科技教育和人文教育协同。加快构建职普融通、产教融合的职业教育体系。完善学生实习实践制度。引导规范民办教育发展。推进高水平教育开放，鼓励国外高水平理工类大学来华合作办学。
优化区域教育资源配置，建立同人口变化相协调的基本公共教育服务供给机制。完善义务教育优质均衡推进机制，探索逐步扩大免费教育范围。健全学前教育和特殊教育、专门教育保障机制。推进教育数字化，赋能学习型社会建设，加强终身教育保障。
（14）深化科技体制改革。坚持面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康，优化重大科技创新组织机制，统筹强化关键核心技术攻关，推动科技创新力量、要素配置、人才队伍体系化、建制化、协同化。加强国家战略科技力量建设，完善国家实验室体系，优化国家科研机构、高水平研究型大学、科技领军企业定位和布局，推进科技创新央地协同，统筹各类科创平台建设，鼓励和规范发展新型研发机构，发挥我国超大规模市场引领作用，加强创新资源统筹和力量组织，推动科技创新和产业创新融合发展。构建科技安全风险监测预警和应对体系，加强科技基础条件自主保障。健全科技社团管理制度。扩大国际科技交流合作，鼓励在华设立国际科技组织，优化高校、科研院所、科技社团对外专业交流合作管理机制。
改进科技计划管理，强化基础研究领域、交叉前沿领域、重点领域前瞻性、引领性布局。加强有组织的基础研究，提高科技支出用于基础研究比重，完善竞争性支持和稳定支持相结合的基础研究投入机制，鼓励有条件的地方、企业、社会组织、个人支持基础研究，支持基础研究选题多样化，鼓励开展高风险、高价值基础研究。深化科技评价体系改革，加强科技伦理治理，严肃整治学术不端行为。
强化企业科技创新主体地位，建立培育壮大科技领军企业机制，加强企业主导的产学研深度融合，建立企业研发准备金制度，支持企业主动牵头或参与国家科技攻关任务。构建促进专精特新中小企业发展壮大机制。鼓励科技型中小企业加大研发投入，提高研发费用加计扣除比例。鼓励和引导高校、科研院所按照先使用后付费方式把科技成果许可给中小微企业使用。
完善中央财政科技经费分配和管理使用机制，健全中央财政科技计划执行和专业机构管理体制。扩大财政科研项目经费“包干制”范围，赋予科学家更大技术路线决定权、更大经费支配权、更大资源调度权。建立专家实名推荐的非共识项目筛选机制。允许科研类事业单位实行比一般事业单位更灵活的管理制度，探索实行企业化管理。
深化科技成果转化机制改革，加强国家技术转移体系建设，加快布局建设一批概念验证、中试验证平台，完善首台（套）、首批次、首版次应用政策，加大政府采购自主创新产品力度。加强技术经理人队伍建设。
允许科技人员在科技成果转化收益分配上有更大自主权，建立职务科技成果资产单列管理制度，深化职务科技成果赋权改革。深化高校、科研院所收入分配改革。允许更多符合条件的国有企业以创新创造为导向，在科研人员中开展多种形式中长期激励。
构建同科技创新相适应的科技金融体制，加强对国家重大科技任务和科技型中小企业的金融支持，完善长期资本投早、投小、投长期、投硬科技的支持政策。健全重大技术攻关风险分散机制，建立科技保险政策体系。提高外资在华开展股权投资、风险投资便利性。
（15）深化人才发展体制机制改革。实施更加积极、更加开放、更加有效的人才政策，完善人才自主培养机制，加快建设国家高水平人才高地和吸引集聚人才平台。加快建设国家战略人才力量，着力培养造就战略科学家、一流科技领军人才和创新团队，着力培养造就卓越工程师、大国工匠、高技能人才，提高各类人才素质。建设一流产业技术工人队伍。完善人才有序流动机制，促进人才区域合理布局，深化东中西部人才协作。完善青年创新人才发现、选拔、培养机制，更好保障青年科技人员待遇。健全保障科研人员专心科研制度。
强化人才激励机制，坚持向用人主体授权、为人才松绑。建立以创新能力、质量、实效、贡献为导向的人才评价体系。打通高校、科研院所和企业人才交流通道。完善海外引进人才支持保障机制，形成具有国际竞争力的人才制度体系。探索建立高技术人才移民制度。
七、完善高水平对外开放体制机制
（26）深化外商投资和对外投资管理体制改革。营造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境，依法保护外商投资权益。扩大鼓励外商投资产业目录，合理缩减外资准入负面清单，落实全面取消制造业领域外资准入限制措施，推动电信、互联网、教育、文化、医疗等领域有序扩大开放。深化外商投资促进体制机制改革，保障外资企业在要素获取、资质许可、标准制定、政府采购等方面的国民待遇，支持参与产业链上下游配套协作。完善境外人员入境居住、医疗、支付等生活便利制度。完善促进和保障对外投资体制机制，健全对外投资管理服务体系，推动产业链供应链国际合作。
http://www.news.cn/politics/20240721/cec09ea2bde840dfb99331c48ab5523a/c.html